Bootstrapping
adalah prosedur statistik dengan cara mengubah data dari sampel yang kita peroleh dan
melakukan replikasi dari data sampel tersebut (resampling) secara acak untuk
diperoleh data simulasi baru. Prosedur ini dapat digunakan untuk menghitung standar
error, interval kepercayaan, dan melakukan pengujian hipotesis untuk berbagai
jenis analisis statistik. Metode bootstrap adalah pendekatan alternatif untuk
pengujian hipotesis tradisional dan cukup populer saat ini karena memiliki
banyak manfaat. Tulisan ini akan memperkenalkan cara kerja teknik bootstrap dan
perbedaannya dengan teknik statistik konvensional.
Baik
metode bootstrap maupun metode tradisional menggunakan suatu sampel untuk
menarik kesimpulan tentang populasi. Perbedaan utama antara bootstrap dan
statistik tradisional adalah bagaimana mereka memperkirakan distribusi sampel. Pada
uji hipotesis statistik tradisional, untuk memperoleh hasil yang valid,
peneliti menggunakan uji statistik yang ketat dan harus memenuhi asumsi
tertentu (misalnya normalitas). Metode bootstrap menggunakan pendekatan yang
sangat berbeda untuk memperkirakan distribusi sampling. Metode ini mengambil
data sampel yang diperoleh, dan kemudian melakukan resample data tersebut
berulang-ulang untuk membuat banyak simulasi sampel. Prosedur bootstrap
menggunakan distribusi sampel ini sebagai dasar untuk menentukan interval
kepercayaan dan pengujian hipotesis. Mari saya contohkan bagaimana proses
bootsrapping ini bekerja.
Gambar
di atas adalah dataset yang saya miliki dengan jumlah subjek 5 orang. Dari data tersebut kemudian dilakukan bootstrap sebanyak 5 sampel. Dataset
yang di-resample memiliki ukuran yang sama dengan dataset asli dan hanya berisi
skor-skor yang ada di dataset asli. Selain itu, skor ini dapat muncul lebih
banyak atau lebih sedikit di dataset yang di-resample dibandingkan di dataset
asli. Proses resampling dilakukan acak dan bisa menciptakan dataset simulasi
yang berbeda. Setiap proses bootstrap menghasilkan parameter sampel baru, misalkan di gambar itu saya tuliskan nilai mean. Mean ini kemudian dirata-rata lagi sampai seluruh proses bootstrap selesai, sehingga kita bisa memperoleh estimasi rerata dari populasi. Dari contoh di atas misalkan, didapatkan estimasi rerata dari populasi adalah 2,92; sementara rerata dari data aslinya adalah 3. Dari nilai tersebut kita mendapatkan nilai bias sebesar 2,92 - 3 = 0,8.
Tentu saja, contoh ini adalah contoh paling sedernaha. Dalam penelitian yang sesungguhnya peneliti harus menggunakan subjek yang lebih banyak dan melakukan resampling yang lebih banyak pula, pada
umumnya hingga ribuan kali. Dikarenakan resample ini dilakukan ribuan
kali, sudah pasti kita butuh bantuan komputer untuk melakukannya. Perlu diingat
bahwa bootstrap tidak membuat data baru, namun dia memperlakukan sampel asli sebagai
proxy untuk populasi dan kemudian mengambil sampel acak dari data itu. Oleh
karena itu, asumsi utama untuk bootstrap adalah bahwa sampel asli secara akurat
mewakili populasi aktual.
Kelebihan metode bootstrap
dibanding metode tradisional
Metode
tradisional pada umumnya mengasumsikan bahwa data harus mengikuti distribusi
normal atau distribusi lainnya. Namun bagaimana jika ternyata distribusi data
kita tidak normal. Jika anda membaca tentang central limit theorem atau robust-nya berbagai teknik analisis statistik
paramterik, mungkin Anda akan tetap hajar saja melakukan analisis dengan
statistik parametrik, asalkan jumlah sampel Anda cukup besar. Namun jika sampel
kita juga tidak cukup banyak dan bahkan penyimpangan terhadap asumsi
normalitasnya cukup parah, apa yang harus dilakukan? Sebagai alternatifnya, teknik
bootstrap ini dapat digunakan. Misalkan, peneliti memiliki data yang tidak
berdistribusi normal dengan jumlah sampel terbatas. Dikarenakan dia tidak
memenuhi asumsi normalitas, maka alternatif solusi yang dapat digunakan adalah
menggunakan boostrapping.
Bootstrap
tidak memerlukan asumsi apapun tentang distribusi data Anda. Boostrap sudah
melakukan resample dari data sampel anda hingga ribuan kali, dan menghitung
paramater statistik dari hasil resample tersebut. Dikarenakan resample
dilakukan ribuan kali, central limit
theorem berbicara di sini, dimana teorema ini mengatakan bahwa ketika ukuran
sampel cukup besar, distribusi sampel dari mean untuk suatu variabel akan
mendekati distribusi normal terlepas dari bagaimana distribusi variabel itu
dalam populasi. Dengan demikian, asumsi normalitas tidak diperlukan lagi di
sini.
Gambar
di bawah ini merupakan ilustrasi perbandingan data asli, data dengan
boostrapping 10 sampel, dan data dengan boostrapping 1.000 sampel. Pada data original, distribusi data terlihat menceng ke kanan. Seperti yang
terlihat pada gambar, semakin besar resample yang dilakukan, distribusi sampel
akan semakin mendekati bentuk distribusi normal.
Untuk
menguji hipotesis dengan metode bootstrapping, peneliti perlu melihat pada
nilai taraf kepercayaan (confidence
interval). Bootstrap akan memberikan batas bawah (lower) dan batas atas (upper)
dari taraf kepercayaan yang ada. Suatu analisis dikatakan signifikan jika batas
atas dan batas bawah berada pada satu kutub yang sama, misal sama-sama memiliki
nilai positif atau sama-sama memiliki nilai negatif. Bootstrap ini dapat
dilakukan untuk berbagai uji statistik seperti korelasi, regresi, t-test, Anova, bahkan SEM.
Beberapa software analisis statistik juga sudah memfasilitasi metode bootstrap
ini, seperti dengan SPSS. Demonstrasi analisis statistik pada data yang tidak
memenuhi asumsi normalitas dengan metode boostrap dapat dilihat pada artikel selanjutnya.
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